Congestion Pricing in New York City Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Congestion Pricing in New York City - Term Paper Example Next, Congestion pricing was introduced in London in 2003 with a charge of $13 for cars entering central London. Since its introduction, traffic delays have been reduced by 26%, bus service has becomes much faster and more reliable, and many more people have taken to bicycling instead of using their cars to access central London. Further, pollutants in the air have dropped dramatically too and Co2 levels have been reduced by 15% (Transport Alternatives). Stockholm conducted a trial of congestion pricing in 2006 for 6 months and found a 20% reduction in traffic, and a 10% drop in air pollution. Following this, it was made effective in 2007 in Stockholm. Since then, Stockholm has seen a 4.5% increase in public transport ridership, an 18% reduction in traffic, 50% decrease in waiting time to enter the city, and 14-18% drop in carbon emissions (Peach). In Trondheim, Norway, the congestion pricing has helped reduce traffic congestion by nearly 10% (Zupan and Perrotta). There are several g oals that introducing congestion pricing brings to the cities. ... The charges would be applicable from 6 AM to 6PM. The charges varied from $8 for cars to $21 for trucks. The charge was payable only once per day. Certain categories of vehicles were exempt from these charges. These vehicles were transit buses, emergency vehicles, taxis, and vehicles with handicapped license plates. However, for taxis that begin, end or touch the zone a surcharge of $1 would be applicable. For payment, the drivers would have an option of paying either through an â€Å"E-ZPass† which was an electronic transponder, or through an account linked to the E-ZPass recognizable through license plate recognition systems. For people without E-ZPass, the payment could be made within 48 hours at certain specified retail outlets/via internet or phone. In comparison to congestion pricing in other countries, the amount proposed was lower ($8 for NY compared to $13 in London for example). Further, the table below shows the comparison of several other important factors in the p roposed congestion pricing in New York with the implemented congestion pricing in London. Table 1: Comparison of London and New York Congestion pricing    London (Before Implementation) New York Proposal Size of zone 8 sq miles 8,5 sq miles Area of zone as percentage of region 1,3% of greater London 0,1% of tri-state region Number of Vehicles Entry Points 174 19 People Entering Zone Each Morning >1 million 1,7 million People Entering Zone by public transport 85% 78% Vehicles Entering Zone Each Day 7 AM to 6:30 PM 315,000 500,000 Vehicles Per Hour During Four Hour Morning Peak Period 40,000 53,000 Residents in Zone 83,000 500,000 Routing around the zone Ring road available to avoid the zone Options limited for most trips Source: Zupan and Perrotta, 2003 The proposal

Sustainable Operation Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sustainable Operation Management - Assignment Example According to Appleby (2013) this basically not only deal with supply chain and the introduction of raw materials but also the wider development and design of processes as well as waste disposal, this also deals with the incorporation of lifecycle analysis focused on ensuring that sustainability efforts is inclusive in all the processes (Appleby 2013). Sustainable practices within organizations must be developed to ensure the reduction of carbon footprint throughout the specific targeted processes in the organization. Sustainable operations management is evident in many in order to achieve the desired outcome. REFILLING WATER IN SWIMMING POOL IN SPORT HALL Sport swimming pools sometimes need to be completely drained and then refilled. Pre-balanced water is usually needed to be refilled directly into the empty pool. It is important to identify effective and efficient process of refilling and maintaining the swimming pool to meet the set standards for sports. Therefore preventive swimmi ng pool practices should be adopted in this process in order to save time as well as costs. Boosting the efficiency of the sports swimming pool is very important in reducing the underlying carbon footprint facilitating achieving sustainable lifestyle (Finkbeiner 2009). The process of refilling the sports swimming pool to achieve sustainability there has to be energy conservation, water and the chemicals at the pool. Increased carbon footprint at the pool leads to a great dent on the environment. An overview of sustainable operations management concerning swimming pool water refilling is to facilitate environmentally labeled â€Å"Green Home† swimming pool more concern put on pool evaporation, reduced carbon footprint and long term sustainability (Finkbeiner 2009). The following is the processes that are followed to achieve sustainable operations management in refilling water in swimming pool. Cleaning the swimming pool This is mainly the first step after the pool has been dri ed out. The surface composition needs to be determined. These basic procedures enhance efficiency and save a lot of time. Deck and cover cleaning is a common method which facilitates removal of debris and spa deck. A quick sweep facilitates removal of debris near the swimming pool. In conducting this process care should be taken to avoid abrasive surfaces while dragging the cover off the pool. Surface skimming is applied in removing dirt floating on the surface. It is remembered to empty skimming debris into the lawn so that it does not blowback into the pool when it dries up. Tile brush and tile soap to clean the tiles and this is done below and above the waterline. It is notable that evaporation and refilling of the swimming pool usually changes the waterline. Brushing is the most efficient way of removing algae from the surfaces and directing the dirt to the main drain so that it can be sucked in the filter (Appleby 2013). It is important to clean the filter and run fresh water i n the circulation system to purge away all the dirt from the lines. The general effective and efficient process in carryout this is to drain, clean and to refill the swimming pool. Refilling the swimming pool The pool is filled direct in the sunlight in cases where it is filled above the ground. The direct sunlight facilitates stretching of the liner as the pools fills. The spigot is turned on